The four Rāshidun caliphs were chosen through shura, a process of community consultation that some consider to be an early form of Islamic democracy. The first caliphate, the Rāshidun Caliphate, immediately succeeded Muhammad after his death in 632. The first caliph was Abu Bakr and the last caliph was Abdulmejid II. A few other Muslim states, almost all hereditary monarchies, such as the Abbasid caliphs under protection of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) and the Ayyubid Caliphate, have claimed to be caliphates. In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517 and maintained Sunni Islam as the official religion. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517). Often acting as little more than a symbolic figurehead, the formal office of Caliph remained from the death of Muhammad in 632 until the Ottoman Caliphate was formally dismantled in 1924. While the importance of the Caliphate as a political power fluctuated throughout the history of Islam, the institution survived for over a thousand years. Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam that developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.
info)) and is considered a politico-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world ( Ummah).The person who holds this office carries the title of caliph ( / ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/ Arabic: خَلِيفَة Arabic pronunciation:, pronunciation ( help A caliphate or khilāfah ( Arabic: خِلَافَة, Arabic pronunciation: ) is an institution or public office governing a territory under Islamic rule.
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